menhadi

The whole body of an earthworm is segmented, even including its digestive system. The digestive system of an earthworm is partitioned into many regions, each provided with a certain function. The food of earthworms such as soil enters the earthworm’s mouth from where it is swallowed by the pharynx.  Then the swallowed soil passes through […]

The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA is double-helix in structure, with sugar and phosphate on the helix’s outside. The nitrogenous bases are stacked in pairs in the interior, similar to stair steps, and are linked by hydrogen bonds. Structure of Polynucleotide Chains A nucleotide is made up of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a

The chromosome of E. coli is reproduced through essentially continuous synthesis of the leading strand and discontinuous synthesis of discrete Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. Following that, the Okazaki fragments are processed and ligated into high molecular weight DNA (Ogawa and Okazaki 1980, Kornberg and Baker 1992). The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme) is

The Kingdom Protista is made up of protists that are eukaryotic in origin. This extremely diverse kingdom is characterised by its members being unicellular and having a less complex structure than other eukaryotes. Surface-level descriptions of these organisms are frequently made in terms of their resemblances to the other groups of eukaryotes, which include animals,

Introduction  Animals that live in a variety of settings, such as water, land, deserts, forests, grasslands, ice, land, water, and ice, as well as deserts, forests, and grasslands. Cells make up every single one of these species. Cells are one of the most significant aspects of living things since they are the fundamental building blocks.

Several species can grow quickly under specific conditions, causing water blooms or red tides that discolour the water and may harm fish and other organisms. Some dinoflagellates release toxins that are among the most harmful bacteria known. Characteristics of Dinoflagellates: Dinoflagellates are single-celled eukaryotic animals that belong to the kingdom Protista and the phylum Dinoflagellata.

Introduction Cockroaches are the most primitive living winged insects. They belong to the class Insecta of Phylum  Arthropoda. They are mostly found in damp places rich in organic components and in human spaces like stores and hotels. They are omnivores and feed on bread, fruit, cloth and even dead bodies. They are considered serious pests

It is difficult to tell the difference between thorns and spines based solely on appearance because they are nearly identical. Thorns and spines are both parts of the plant. Although they have a similar appearance, they are not the same. The basic similarity between thorns and spines is that they are both plant parts, but

Monerans differ from eukaryotic animals due to the structure and chemistry of their cells. Because they are prokaryotes, they lack the distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (specialised cellular elements) of eukaryotic cells. Despite the fact that DNA transfer between bacteria is frequent and forms the basis of recombinant DNA technology, bacteria mostly reproduce through transverse

Larva and pupa are two life stages found in insects. These stages are sequential, but there are many differences between them. Metamorphosis is the process of going through several stages like this. It is a common characteristic of modern insects. Invertebrates are the only invertebrates with wings that allow them to fly. Because of this