Identification Article

For a course in systems identification, advanced undergraduates and graduate students in electrical, chemical, mechanical, and environmental engineering will benefit from this text. It covers a variety of tried-and-true identification algorithms and their applications, in addition to the theoretical foundation for mathematical modelling. Furthermore, its broad scope and relatively low mathematical level allow readers to quickly assess established methods and their limitations. The text examines least-squares model fitting, statistical properties of estimators, optimal estimation, and Bayes and maximum-likelihood estimators, in addition to surveys covering classical methods of identification, such as impulse, step, and sine-wave testing, and identification based on correlation function. Other topics covered include experiment design, model structure selection, and model validation. Students are shown how to apply modelling theories through numerical examples, and a chapter on specialized topics introduces research areas.

Identification

This section is intended to serve as a primer on identification for development practitioners and others who are new to thinking about identification, as well as identity experts who are new to thinking about development.

It begins with an overview of why identification is important for development, including the global identification gap, the role of ID in supporting multiple development goals, and the specific risks, challenges, and success factors in constructing an inclusive and trusted ID system.

It then introduces key identity-related concepts and terms that will be used throughout the Guide, such as the various types of ID systems and the lifecycle of creating and managing identities. as well as the primary stakeholders and roles involved in the provision, use, and oversight of ID systems.

Psychology and sociology

Identification is the process of an individual’s emotional and other forms of self-identification with another person, group, or model, as well as the formation and discovery of individual identity (individuality). S. Freud coined the phrase “identification.” In psychoanalytic literature, the identification of the child with either the father or the mother is generally used as the model of identification. In sociology and social psychology, the term has taken on a broader meaning, referring to both imitation and imitative behaviour on the one hand, and emotional merging with an object and deep internalisation of a norm or pattern of behaviour on the other (particularly in personality research).

Mathematics, technology, and related disciplines.

Identification is a term that is frequently used in mathematics and technology. Identification symbols, for example, are used to identify operations in algorithmic languages; coins in coin machines are identified based on mass and shape. Identification tasks include pattern recognition, analogy and generalisation formation and classification, and sign system analysis. Identification establishes the correspondence between a recognised object and its model—an object known as an identifier. Identifiers, in general, are signs for objects that are mutually related. Identical objects are considered equivalent, that is, they have the same meaning and significance.

Identification Evidence

To ensure that the jury does not interpret visual identification evidence incorrectly, the court must warn them about the risks of doing so. This warning is a precautionary instruction and must include the following information:

That honest witnesses with ample opportunity for observation have frequently made incorrect identifications
That the identification evidence must be carefully examined by the jury in light of all circumstances.
The jury must be convinced beyond all reasonable doubt that the identification was the result of the corrected internalisation of a norm or pattern of behaviour.

Photographs

During the early stages of an investigation, the Garda will frequently show witness photographs of suspects. Before showing photographs, they should obtain a detailed description of the suspect from the witness, as this can demonstrate how strong the witness’s memory of the offender is. Photographs of numerous potential suspects should be shown to the witness.

In the absence of the jury, if a witness identifies a suspect using photographs and the prosecution wishes to present this evidence to the jury, the defence counsel may challenge this with the judges. As an example, if the photograph shown to the witness came from Garda files, the jury would be aware that the suspect had previously been photographed by the Garda, which could prejudice the jury. The judge will decide whether or not to present this evidence to the jury.

Photofits and identikits

A photofit or identikit picture is a sketch of someone’s face created from descriptions provided by witnesses to a crime. These images are used by the Garda in criminal investigations to assist them in identifying potential suspects. They are rarely used in criminal trials because, unlike photographs and videos, they are not considered genuine evidence. As a result, they would not be accepted as identification evidence in court. The best way to describe them is as a tool for criminal investigators.

Identification parades

The suspect’s cooperation is required for ID parades. If a suspect refuses to cooperate, the Garda can obtain identification through informal means (for example, where a witness points out the suspect on the street). However, depending on the circumstances of the case, informal identification may not be admitted as evidence.

A formal ID parade is far more reliable than an informal identification parade because it is a controlled process and a suspect’s solicitor can attend to ensure that the process is carried out properly.

Rules for ID parades

While the Garda frequently uses ID parades, the procedure is not mandated by law. However, there are several rules regarding ID parades that have evolved as a result of Irish case law. The following are the main rules for ID parades:

That they are conducted by a Garda officer who is not involved in the crime but has been briefed on the facts of the case and given information about the witness.
The witness should not be present when the accused is arrested or transferred from custody to the ID parade room.
If several witnesses are required to identify the suspect, they should be separated before and after the parade to reduce the possibility of them conferring about the ID parade.
The witness should be asked to pick the suspect out of a group of 8 to 12 people. These individuals should be chosen because they resemble the suspect.
When the volunteers in the ID parade have formed a line, the suspect should be asked if they have any concerns about the parade’s composition or appearance.
After the parade, the accused and their solicitor should be asked if they have any comments about the parade.
Details of the parade, as well as any objections raised by the accused or the solicitor, must be documented.
If a witness fails to identify the accused, the prosecution must inform the defence.

Conclusion

For a course in systems identification, advanced undergraduates and graduate students in electrical, chemical, mechanical, and environmental engineering will benefit from this text. It covers a variety of tried-and-true identification algorithms and their applications, in addition to the theoretical foundation for mathematical modelling. This section is intended to serve as a primer on identification for development practitioners and others who are new to thinking about identification, as well as identity experts who are new to thinking about development. Identification is the process of an individual’s emotional and other forms of self-identification with another person, group, or model, as well as the formation and discovery of individual identity (individuality). While the Garda frequently uses ID parades, the procedure is not mandated by law.