The process of growing cells in a controlled environment, usually outside of their natural environment, is known as cell culture. After removing the cells of interest from living tissue, they can be kept under carefully controlled conditions. These conditions vary depending on the cell type, but they usually include a suitable vessel with a substrate or medium that supplies essential nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals), growth factors, hormones, and gases (CO2, O2), as well as regulates the physio-chemical environment (pH buffer, osmotic pressure, temperature). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an adherent monolayer (one single cell thick), whereas others can be grown as a suspension culture free-floating in a medium. Most cells have a genetic lifespan, but under the right conditions, some cell culture cells can be “transformed” into immortal cells that can reproduce indefinitely.
Cell Culture
Cell culture is now defined as the cultivation of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, particularly animal cells, as opposed to other types of culture that also cultivate cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). Cell culture’s history and methods are inextricably linked to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture, in which viruses use cells as hosts, is also related.
Neuronal cells, bone, cartilage, hair cells, and other tissues have all been cultured. Animal cells, particularly fibroblasts, can be cultured more successfully than human cells in general, and human fibroblasts, in particular, are easier to culture than epithelial cells. Furthermore, different epithelial cells respond to different culture conditions in different ways. Despite advances in culturing techniques, human epithelial cells could not be cultured for long periods. The problem is that human cells tend to senescence after a certain number of cell divisions. In vitro, transfection of these cells with the human papillomavirus 16 E6E7 gene or the simian virus (SV) 40 small and large T antigens partially reversed senescence and increased cell longevity but did not result in cell immortality. The resulting genetic manipulations limit their use in molecular biological studies, particularly when it comes to defining genetic changes that occur during cell differentiation and transformation.
Cell Culture and Cell lines:
Cell culture and cell lines have grown in importance in the study of physiological, pathophysiological, and differentiation processes in specific cells. It enables researchers to examine how the structure, biology, and genetic makeup of a cell change over time in a controlled environment. This is especially useful for complex tissues like the pancreas, which is made up of many different cell types and where examining individual cells in vivo is difficult, if not impossible. The extreme difficulties in isolating and purifying individual epithelial cells from complex tissues while retaining their native characteristics have hampered our understanding of their physiological, biological, growth, and differentiation characteristics.
Attempts have been made to culture nearly every tissue, including neuronal cells, bone, cartilage, and hair cells. Animal cells, particularly fibroblasts, can be cultured more successfully than human cells in general, and human fibroblasts, in particular, are easier to culture than epithelial cells. Furthermore, different epithelial cells respond to different culture conditions in different ways.
Cell lines:
Continuous cell lines have acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely through random mutation, as in transformed cancer cell lines, or deliberate modification, such as artificial expression of cancer genes (immortalised). Primary cells are more delicate and challenging to work with than continuous cell lines. They have limitless growth potential and are a quick and easy way to obtain basic information. Working with continuous cell lines has some disadvantages, including the fact that they are genetically modified/transformed, which can alter physiological properties and render them unrepresentative of the in vivo state, and this can change over time with extensive passaging.
Conclusion:
A cell line is a group of cells derived from a pure cell culture subculture in primary culture. Cell lines typically have functional properties similar to primary cells, but their genotype and phenotype can differ. A cell line is a collection of cell lineages with similar or dissimilar phenotypes. A cell line is a long-established cell culture that will continue to proliferate indefinitely if given adequate fresh medium and space. Lines, as opposed to cell strains, become immortalized. Cell culture and cell lines have grown in importance in the study of physiological, pathophysiological, and differentiation processes in specific cells.