Because explant sources might cause tissue injury and interfere with regeneration, sterile procedures are essential for plant materials that will be used directly. Culture of Seeds to create sterile seedlings is the best solution in that case. It takes a long time to clone orchids in vivo.
Seeds can therefore be germinated in vitro and vegetatively cultivated on a large scale via meristem culture. Most orchids are planted in vitro because their seeds are so small and have so little nutritional reserves. Because of their small size (1.0-2.0 mm long and 0.5-1.0 mm wide), they are very likely to die if sown in vivo, and survival in vivo is quite unusual.
What is Tissue Culture?
Tissue culture is a technique used in the laboratory to cultivate and produce plant fragments. Organs are also often used in tissue culture. The media for culture development is broth and agar.
This method is also known as micropropagation. It has been found to assist developing countries in producing disease-free plants and increasing plant output. All that is necessary is a sanitary workplace, a greenhouse, trained labor, and a nursery. In destitute countries, tissue culture has been used to cultivate oil palm, banana, eggplant, pineapple, rubber tree, tomato, and sweet potato.
Advantages of Tissue Culture
- Plantlets are formed from a little quantity of plant tissue in a short period of time.
- The newly produced plants are devoid of illness.
- The plants may be grown at any time of year, independent of season.
- Tissue culture does not require a large space to generate plants.
- The market is seeing an increase in the production of new varieties.
- This method is used to cultivate ornamental plants such as dahlias, chrysanthemums, and orchids.
Types of Tissue Culture
Seed Culture
Seed culture is a type of tissue culture that is extensively employed in the cultivation of orchids and other plants. Plant tissues are extracted from an in-vitro grown plant and put in an artificial environment where they may develop for this process.
If plant material is directly used in this method, it must be sanitised to minimise tissue injury and enhance effective regeneration.
When obtaining explants from in vitro-derived plants and propagating orchids, culture seeds are a must. Because explant sources might cause tissue injury and interfere with regeneration, sterile procedures are essential for plant materials that will be used directly. culture seeds to create sterile seedlings is the best solution in that case. It takes a long time to clone orchids in vivo.
Methods of Seed Culture
Seed
Plant tissue culture is unique in that it allows you to produce full plants from any component of the plant, even the seed. You can grow plants straight from seeds in this form of culture. These plants will be consistent and grow at a much faster rate than in the field. When seeds have a hard outer shell and take longer to germinate in field circumstances, this is a good method to use.
The orchid is a common example of a plant for which seeds can be used as explants.
Meristem Culture
Plants have fascinating tissues at the top of their developing system, called meristems. Meristematic cells are cells that do not yet have a specific function in these organs. These cells have the power to grow into any plant organ and fulfill the duties that go along with it.
In plant tissue culture, we take use of meristematic cells’ potential to create plant parts and, eventually, a fully functional plant. Meristem culture is tissue culture that uses meristem tissues.
Protoplast Culture
The cell wall is a hard covering that surrounds each plant cell. This cell wall makes it more difficult for other elements to quickly enter the plant cell. A protoplast is a plant cell that has had its cell wall removed. Researchers can more easily conduct cell investigations and understand how biochemical events occur within a cell using protoplasts.
Protoplast culture is used to develop plants such as arabidopsis, rice, lettuce, tobacco, and others. These are the most prevalent techniques for growing plants in vitro.
Embryo Culture:
Embryo culture is the sterile isolation and in vitro growth of an immature or mature embryo with the goal of creating a viable plant. In 1904 Hannig, who obtained healthy plants from in vitro isolated embryos of two crucifers, Cochleria and Raphanus, made the first attempt to generate angiosperm embryos.
In 1924, Dietrich grew embryos of numerous plant species and observed that mature embryos developed properly, but embryos taken from immature characteristics of seeds failed to attain mature embryo organisation.
Callus Culture
Calluses are unspecialized, disorganized, and dividing masses of cells. A callus forms when explants are cultured in the appropriate medium. Tumor tissue that forms from wounds in differentiated tissues/organs is a good illustration of this.
Organ Culture
Organ culture is a type of tissue culture in which an organ is separated and cultured in a laboratory setting. Any organ plant can be used as an explant in the culture phase shoot, root, leaf, and flower.
The process is used to preserve the shape or function of organs, as well as their many tissue components, allowing the organ to resemble and retain its qualities in vivo.
New growth differentiated structures occur here as long as the physiological properties of the organ are retained. As a result, an organ assists in the conveyance of information concerning patterns of growth, differentiation, and development.
Characteristics of Seeds
characteristics of seeds are alive because they contain an embryo that, under the appropriate conditions of temperature, humidity, and water, may germinate and produce a new plant. If seeds had not been alive, they would not have been able to germinate, generate seedlings, or grow into complete plants.
Conclusion
It’s an isolated organ developed in vitro. Several names may be given to the organ used as an explant, depending on its function. Meristem of shoot tip culture, root culture, nucellus culture, endosperm culture, and ovule culture, for example, are cultures for the in vitro growth of androgenic haploids, whereas ovule and ovary culture are cultures for the in vitro development of gynogenetic haploids. Three types of in vitro culture are produced by plant culture.