Introduction
The ability to develop fruits without pollination is referred to as parthenocarpy (apomixis excluded). According to Pike and Peterson108, this trait is controlled by the Pc gene, which is only partially dominant. De Ponti and Garretsen114 proposed that parthenocarpy is inherited through three independent, isomeric major genes with additive action, as well as a non-allelic interaction of the homozygote – heterozygote type. Linkages between genes that govern parthenocarpy femaleness and the spined/hairy fruit character have been discovered. De Ponti109 discussed the relationship between various selection criteria and the possibility of young plant preselection.
Almost all slicing cucumber varieties grown in greenhouses in Western Europe are parthenocarpic, and there are also parthenocarpic pickling cucumber varieties available. The use of parthenocarpic varieties in production for the processing industry accounts for a significant portion of the total cultivation area of pickling cucumber in Germany. Parthenocarpic fruit setting results in a much earlier and more consistent production rhythm. 167 Parthenocarpy avoids the inhibitory effect of seed formation on fruit development. Because the fruits formed after fertilisation in genetic parthenocarpic varieties become misshapen, have no economic value, and result in production loss, parthenocarpy must be combined with constant female. By using morphactin, it is possible to induce parthenocarpic fruit set artificially (chlorflurenol).
Parthenocarpy
Parthenocarpy is a type of fruit production that occurs without the fertilisation of the ovules. Parthenocarpic fruits are those that grow without the formation of seeds. We must carry out the procedure when there is a lack of plant fertilisation, embryo growth, and pollination. The first fruit production process was completed in 1902.
Types of Parthenocarpy
Natural Parthenocarpy
Natural parthenocarpy is the production of seedless fruits without any special treatment. Without any special treatment, seedless fruits are produced from the ovaries in the absence of pollination and fertilisation. Because this is a natural process for producing seedless fruits, the process is known as natural parthenocarpy.
There are numerous examples of natural parthenocarpy found in nature. Natural parthenocarpy can be found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, including grapes, bananas, pineapples, and oranges.
Induced Parthenocarpy
Induced parthenocarpy occurs when seedless fruits are produced from the ovary by exposing the flower to a special treatment. In this case, the flower is given special treatment in order to produce seedless fruits. Water extract of pollen grains or growth-promoting hormones are the special treatments used to induce parthenocarpy. Induced (Artificial) Parthenocarpy, as the name implies (Production of Seedless Fruit). So induced parthenocarpy is an artificial process that produces seedless fruits.
Tomatoes, lemons, apples, oranges, pears, blackberries, and figs are some popular induced parthenocarpy examples.
Types of Parthenocarpy on the Basis of Stimulation
Based on the nature of the Parthenogenesis’s initiation. There are two types of Parthenocarpy.
- Some plants, known as stimulative parthenocarpy, require pollination or another form of stimulation for parthenocarpy to occur. Watermelon without the seeds, for example
- Vegetative parthenocarpy refers to plants that do not require pollination or other stimulation to produce parthenocarpic fruit. Cucumbers without seeds, for example
Advantages of Parthenocarpy
- Parthenocarpic fruits are healthier than natural fruits. With the help of parthenocarpy, we can achieve our desired results
- Fruit quality is improved by parthenocarpy. We can obtain high-quality fruits through parthenocarpy, which is not possible in nature
- Parthenocarpy lowers the total cost of crop cultivation
- Parthenocarpy has the potential to reduce the total time required by a crop
- The crop’s yield is increased by parthenocarpy. With the help of parthenocarpy, we can increase the profit from a crop
- Because there is no need for pollination, parthenocarpy repels insects and pests. Pollination requires the presence of insects. As a result, parthenocarpy protects the plant from pesticide attack
- Parthenocarpy is currently a desirable trait in edible fruits such as bananas, pineapples, oranges and grapefruits, tomatoes, and summer squash
- Parthenocarpy increases fruit production in dioecious species because pollen for staminate trees does not need to be planted
Disadvantages of Parthenogenesis
- Seedless fruits cannot be used to produce new plant progeny. The seed is simply a medium through which any plant can be produced
- Parthenocarpy is undesirable in nut crops because the edible part is the seed
- When compared to the normal state, the quality and size of Parthenocarpic fruits change
Parthenocarpic Fruit
Fruit development without fertilisation is referred to as parthenocarpy. The fruit looks like a normal fruit but is seedless. Parthenocarpy occurs naturally in pineapple, banana, cucumber, grape, orange, grapefruit, persimmon, and breadfruit varieties. Out of the season, the seedless parthenocarpic fruit can be induced in non parthenocarpic and naturally parthenocarpic varieties by artificial pollination with dead or altered pollen or pollen from a different type of plants. Parthenocarpic development is also caused by the application of synthetic growth substances in the form of paste, injection, or spraying.
Conclusion
Parthenocarpy is a type of fruit production that occurs without the fertilisation of the ovules. Parthenocarpic fruits are those that grow without the formation of seeds. According to Pike and Peterson108, this trait is controlled by the Pc gene, which is only partially dominant. De Ponti and Garretsen114 proposed that parthenocarpy is inherited through three independent, isomeric major genes with additive action, as well as a non-allelic interaction of the homozygote – heterozygote type. Natural parthenocarpy is the production of seedless fruits without any special treatment. Without any special treatment, seedless fruits are produced from the ovaries in the absence of pollination and fertilisation. Induced parthenocarpy occurs when seedless fruits are produced from the ovary by exposing the flower to a special treatment. In this case, the flower is given special treatment in order to produce seedless fruits. Some plants, known as stimulative parthenocarpy, require pollination or another form of stimulation for parthenocarpy to occur. Fruit quality is improved by parthenocarpy. We can obtain high-quality fruits through parthenocarpy, which is not possible in nature. Parthenocarpy lowers the total cost of crop cultivation. Parthenocarpic development is also caused by the application of synthetic growth substances in the form of paste, injection, or spraying.