Tetany, also known as tetanic seizure, is a medical condition characterised by involuntary muscle contractions that can be caused by disorders that increase the action potential frequency of muscle cells or the nerves that innervate them.
Tetanus-induced muscle cramps are not classified as tetany; rather, they are caused by a lack of inhibition of the neurons that supply muscles. Tetanic contractions (physiologic tetanus) are a type of muscle contraction that includes tetany.
Tetany is typically caused by a calcium deficiency. Phosphate excess (high phosphate-to-calcium ratio) can also cause spasms.
What is Tetany?
Anesthesiologists may face unique challenges when caring for postoperative patients, such as those caused by various metabolic issues. Tetany is a neurological disorder characterised by increased neuromuscular excitability caused by a variety of metabolic abnormalities.
Regardless of the underlying cause, the clinical presentation can range from asymptomatic patients to life-threatening emergencies. As anesthesiologists, we should be able to not only recognise but also treat these metabolic abnormalities. Tetany has been reported in various settings in the literature, but its occurrence in a postoperative case following a minor surgical procedure has not been previously reported.
Causes of Tetany
Tetanospasmin disrupts the signals that travel from the brain to the nerves in the spinal cord, and then to the muscles, resulting in muscle spasms and stiffness.
Clostridium tetani primarily enter the body through skin cuts or puncture wounds. Cleaning any cut thoroughly aids in the prevention of infection.
The following are some of the most common ways to contract tetanus:
- wounds contaminated with saliva or faeces
- burns.
- Injuries caused by crushing
- wounds containing dead tissue
- piercing wounds
Tetanus can be contracted in unusual ways, such as:
- operative procedures
- wounds on the surface
- Bites from insects
- compound fractures
- Use of intravenous drugs
- injections into the musculoskeletal system
- infection of the teeth
Symptoms of Tetany
Tetanus symptoms typically appear 7 to 10 days after the initial infection. H
However, this can take anywhere from four days to three weeks, and in some cases, months.
In general, the longer the incubation period, the further the injury site is from the central nervous system. Patients who have a shorter incubation time have more severe symptoms.
Spasms and stiffness are two muscle symptoms. The chewing muscles are usually the first to stiffen, hence the name lockjaw.
- Muscle spasms then spread to the neck and throat, making swallowing difficult. Patients frequently experience facial muscle spasms.
- Neck and chest muscle stiffness can cause breathing difficulties. Abdominal and limb muscles are also affected in some people
- As the back muscles weaken, the spine will arch backwards in severe cases. This is more common in children who have had a tetanus infection.
Most people who have tetanus will also have the following symptoms:
- stools that are bloody
- diarrhoea
- fever
- headache
- sensitivity to touch,
- sore throat, sweating
- and a fast heartbeat
Treatment of Tetany
To avoid infection, any cut or wound must be thoroughly cleaned. A tetanus-prone wound should be treated as soon as possible by a medical professional.
A wound that is likely to cause tetanus is defined as:
- A wound or burn that necessitates surgical intervention but is delayed for more than 6 hours.
- A wound or burn with a significant amount of removed tissue.
- Any puncture-type injury that has come into contact with manure or soil.
- Serious fractures where the bone is exposed to infection, such as compound fractures.
- Wounds or burns in patients suffering from systemic sepsis.
- Even if they have been vaccinated, any patient with any of the above wounds should receive tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) as soon as possible.
Even if they have been vaccinated, any patient with any of the above wounds should receive tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) as soon as possible. Tetanus immunoglobulin contains antibodies that are effective against Clostridium tetani. It is injected into a vein and provides immediate short-term tetanus protection.
Relation of Tetany to the parathyroid
Tetany can occur naturally in a variety of ways and can also be caused by the destruction of the parathyroid glands. Recent studies have found a link between various types of tetany and parathyroid gland insufficiency, either relative or absolute.
The parathyroid glands are separate organs with distinct functions. It has yet to be proven whether or not this function is intimately related to that of other organs of internal secretion. The failure to produce tetany in the laboratory is most likely because some parathyroid tissue remains after what appears to be complete extirpation. When a species is completely extinct, tetany develops, even in herbivores.
To prevent this, only a very small amount of parathyroid tissue is required. The effect of removing the parathyroid glands can be reversed by reintroducing an extract of these glands from a completely different animal.
Conclusion
Tetany, also known as tetanic seizure, is a medical condition characterised by involuntary muscle contractions that can be caused by disorders that increase the action potential frequency of muscle cells or the nerves that innervate them. Tetanospasmin disrupts the signals that travel from the brain to the nerves in the spinal cord, and then to the muscles, resulting in muscle spasms and stiffness. Most people who have tetanus will also have the following symptoms: stools that are bloody diarrhoea fever headache sensitivity to touch, sore throat, sweating and a fast heartbeat.